Male infertility

Bronchitis - the disease characterised by an inflammation of bronchuses with a primary lesion of their mucosa. The bronchitis is one of the most frequent diseases of organs of breath. Distinguish the acute and chronic bronchitis representing independent nosological forms.

At the heart of an acute bronchitis the inflammation of a mucosa of the bronchuses, usually caused by respiratory viruses which the microbic flora (streptococcuses, pneumococcuses, a hemophilic rod, etc.) can again join lays. Quite often it is observed at a flu, a measles, a whooping cough and other diseases; sometimes passes in the chronic. Quite often the acute bronchitis is combined with a tracheitis, a laryngitis, a nasopharyngitis.

In some cases terminal departments of a bronchial tree are mainly amazed, there is a bronchiolitis. The frigorism, smoking, the alcohol use, a chronic focal infection carry to contributing factors in nasopharyngeal area, disturbance of nasal breath, thorax deformation. The acute bronchitis can arise also at influence physical (cold or hot air) or chemical (irritating gases) factors.

The damaging agent gets into bronchuses mainly with inhaled air. Probably also penetration of the damaging agent with a blood current (a hematogenic way) or with a lymph current (a lymphogenous way). The edema and a hyperemia of a mucosa of bronchuses with formation of a mucous or mucopurulent secret usually develop. In serious cases necrotic changes of an epithelium of bronchuses with the subsequent tearing away of an epithelial integument can be observed. As a result of inflammatory changes, and also a bronchospasm sometimes there are disturbances of bronchial passableness, especially at a lesion of fine bronchuses.

The bronchitis of an infectious aetiology quite often begins against an acute rhinitis and a laryngitis. The acute bronchitis beginning is shown by a malaise, feeling of a burning sensation behind a breast bone (at a trachea lesion). The basic sign of a bronchitis - tussis (dry or wet). At an acute bronchitis tussis has mainly paroxysmal character, is accompanied by feeling of a burning sensation behind a breast bone or in a drink. At times paroxysmal tussis happens so intensive, that is accompanied by a headache. Patients are disturbed by delicacy, a chilling, rise in temperature to 37 - 38 oС, a headache, a pain in muscles. Percussion changes are not present. At auscultation of lungs rigid breath, absent-minded dry rhonchuses become perceptible. Changes in blood minimum. A X-ray intensifying of a pulmonary drawing and an illegibility of roots of lungs are changeably taped. Through 2 - 3 days from the disease beginning appear a small amount of a viscous sputum, tussis becomes less excruciating, the state of health improves. Disease, as a rule, lasts 1 - 2 weeks, however tussis can proceed till 1 month.

At an acute bronchitis there can be a disturbance of bronchial passableness, as the basic which clinical implication paroxysmal tussis, dry or with difficultly separated sputum, accompanied by disturbance of ventilation of the lungs serves. Dyspnea intensifying, a cyanosis, whistling rhonchuses in lungs, especially on an exhalation and in horizontal position becomes perceptible. The acute bronchitis with disturbance of bronchial passableness tends to a fixing current and transition in a chronic bronchitis.

The serious and fixing current of a bronchitis should be differentiated with pneumonia development at which the dullness over the amazed site becomes perceptible, wet rhonchuses are auscultated.

PNEVMONIYA-pneumonia; Group disease characterized by inflammation parenhimatoznoy or predominantly parenhimatoznoy, ie, respiratory, part light; Divided into krupoznye (shares) and ochagovye. Allocation of acute and chronic interstitial pneumonia controversial. In recent years, domestic literature to chronic pneumonia include recurring pneumonia the same localization process for the engagement of all the structural elements of light and the formation of pnevmoskleroza. Etiology, pathogenesis. Inflammation - etiologically heterogeneous lung disease, in which the emergence of the role played by various bacteria: compressed, and stafilo- streptococci, klebsiella pneumonia, Pfeyffera wand, Calif. sometimes sticks, Proteus, and gemofilnaya smnegnoynaya sticks, causing fever-rikketsiya Burnett, legionella, wand plague, some viruses, mycoplasmas, mushrooms. In the event of a disease may play a significant role virusno-bakterialnye Association. Open a new group of pathogens pneumonia-bakteroidy, long considered nepatogennoy oral flora. Pnevmotsista, atsinobakterii, aspergilly, and aeromonas branhamella considered only as a frequent exciters nosocomial pneumonia (hospital), and may cause “home” pneumonia. The chemical and physical agents-effects on the lungs of Chemicals (gasoline, etc.), thermal factors (cooling or burn), radiation, as aetiological factors are usually combined with infectious. Pneumonia may be due to allergic reactions in the lungs or the manifestation of systemic infections (pneumonia interstices with connective tissue disease).

Pneumonia, acute infectious inflammation alveoli to the presence of clinical and radiological (or) evidence of localized pulmonary inflammation is not associated with other causes.
Pneumonia caused by various types of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi. Pathogens enter the lung tissue bronhogennym, gematogennym and limfogennym ways, usually from the upper respiratory tract, usually if there are pockets of acute or chronic infection.
Depending on the prevalence process distinguished segmentarnuyu (ochagovuyu), equity (krupoznuyu) dvuhdolevuyu, bilateral pneumonia. According to distinguish between degrees of severity of light (without dysfunctions), pneumonia, srednetyazheluyu (with moderate functional impairment), and heavy (expressed intoxicated) form of the disease.
Pneumonia can be complicated plevritom, empiemoy pleura, abstsessom light, infektsionno-toksicheskim shock, acute respiratory and vascular insufficiency.
Symptoms.

Pneumonia often begins with a cold, cough, nedo-moganiya. Alopecia pneumonia, bronchial or, more frequently as a complication inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and bronchus. There chills, a dry cough, first, and then with slizisto-gnoynoy specimens, which may contain blood vein, possible pain in the chest by coughing and breath, the body temperature can rise up to 38-39 ° C.

n percussion defines small nerves perkutornogo sound ibid. heard amended breath, dry and wet crepitation. When discharge ochagovoy pneumonia condition has deteriorated, there are pronounced shortness of breath, cyanosis, loss of sleep and appetite, general weakness and sweatiness. There may be symptoms of insufficient cardiovascular system, especially for weakened patients, children and the elderly.
Krupoznaya acute pneumonia begins with a strong recovery and oznoba temperature to 39-40 C. characteristic severe pain in side, a dry cough at first, then with hard otharkivaemoy sputum tinted with iron rust. The condition of the patient heavy, expressed the common signs of intoxication (weakness, headache , nausea, sweatiness varying degrees). Breath rate superficial. sparrows unpleasant odor specimens shows either on nagnoenii inflammatory infiltration, or the severe deterioration abstsesse-light or gangrene.
If a pathological process involved pleura, the patient takes the characteristic of forced positions - he is on the sick side, and because of a more constrained breathing, teachers hands to the chest on the side of destruction.
The diagnosis of pneumonia put under clinical data and x-ray images of the study. In cases where the infiltration of radiographic lung tissue is not defined, diagnosed put under clinical history and symptomatic.